President of the United States


[[Seal of the President of the United States, official impression]] The President of the United States is the head of state of the United States. Under the U.S. Constitution, the President is also the chief executive of the federal government and commander in chief of the armed forces. Because of the superpower status of the United States, the American President is often dubbed "the most powerful person on Earth" and the occupant is often one of the world's best-known figures. During the Cold War, the President was sometimes referred to as "the leader of the free world," a phrase that is still invoked today. The United States was the first nation to create the office of President the head of government in a republic. Today the office is widely emulated all over the world in nations with a Presidential system of government. The current President of the United States is George W. Bush.

Requirements to hold office

Section One of Article II of the U.S. Constitution establishes the requirements one must meet in order to become President. The president must be a natural-born citizen of the United States (or a citizen of the United States at the time the U.S. Constitution was adopted), be at least 35 years of age, and have been a resident of the United States for 14 years. The natural-born citizenship requirement has been the subject of some controversy in recent years. Some commentators argue that the clause should be repealed because it excludes qualified people based on technicalities, and fails to appreciate the contributions made by immigrants to American society. Prominent public officials that are barred from the presidency because they were not born U.S. citizens include California Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger, Florida Sen. Mel Martinez, Secretary of Commerce-designate Carlos Gutierrez, Secretary of Labor Elaine Chao, former Secretary of State Madeleine Albright, and Michigan Gov. Jennifer Granholm. Occasionally, constitutional amendments are proposed to remove or amend this requirement, but have not been successful. Under the Constitution, the President serves a four-year term. Amendment XXII (which took effect in 1951 and was first applied to Dwight D. Eisenhower starting in 1953) limits the president to either two four-year terms or a maximum of ten years in office should he have succeeded to the Presidency previously and served less than two years completing his predecessor's term. Since then, four presidents have served two full terms: Dwight Eisenhower, Ronald Reagan, Bill Clinton and George W. Bush (assuming President Bush serves all four years of his second term). The only president that was eligible to have served more than 8 years was Lyndon Johnson.

Presidential elections

U.S. presidential elections are held every four years. Presidents are elected indirectly, through the Electoral College. The President and the Vice President are the only two nationally elected officials in the United States. (Legislators are elected on a state-by-state basis; other executive officers and judges are appointed.) Originally, each elector voted for two people for President. The votes were tallied and the person receiving the greatest number of votes (provided that such a number was a majority of electors) became President, while the individual who was in second place became Vice President. The ratification of Amendment XII in 1804 changed the electoral process by directing the electors to use separate ballots to vote for the President and Vice President. To be elected, a candidate must receive a majority of electoral votes, or if no candidate receives a majority, the President and Vice President are chosen by the House of Representatives and Senate, respectively, as necessary. Since 1937, with the ratification of Amendment XX, a newly-elected President, or a re-elected incumbent, is sworn in (usually by the Chief Justice) on January 20 of the year following the election, an event called Inauguration Day. Following the oath of office, the President delivers an inaugural address, setting the tone for the administration. The modern Presidential election process begins with the primary elections, during which the major parties (currently the Democrats and the Republicans) each select a nominee to unite behind; the nominee in turn selects a running mate to join him on the ticket as the Vice Presidential candidate. The two major candidates then face off in the general election, usually participating in nationally televised debates before Election Day and campaigning across the country to explain their views and plans to the voters. Much of the modern electoral process is concerned with winning swing states, through frequent visits and mass media advertising drives.
George Washington
George Washington
1st President
(1789-1797)
In accordance with Article II, Section 1, Paragraph 8 of the Constitution, upon entering office, the President must take the following oath or affirmation: "I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the Office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my Ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States." Only presidents Franklin Pierce and Herbert Hoover have chosen to affirm rather than swear. The oath is traditionally ended with, "So help me God," although for religious reasons some Presidents have said, "So help me."

Presidential powers

The office of president of the United States is one of the most powerful offices of its kind in the world. The president, the Constitution says, must "take care that the laws be faithfully executed." To carry out this responsibility, the president presides over the executive branch of the federal government — a vast organization numbering about 4 million people, including 1 million active-duty military personnel. In addition, the president has important legislative and judicial powers.

Executive powers

Within the executive branch itself, the president has broad powers to manage national affairs and the workings of the federal government. The president can issue rules, regulations, and instructions called executive orders, which have the binding force of law upon federal agencies but do not require congressional approval. As commander-in-chief of the armed forces of the United States, the president may also call into federal service the state units of the National Guard. In times of war or national emergency, the U.S. Congress may grant the president even broader powers to manage the national economy and protect the security of the United States.
Abraham Lincoln
Abraham Lincoln
16th President
(1861-1865)
The president nominates — and the Senate confirms — the heads of all executive departments and agencies, together with hundreds of other high-ranking federal officials. (See United States Cabinet, Executive Office of the President.) In 2003, more than 3000 executive agency positions were subject to presidential appointment, with more than 1200 requiring Senate approval. The large majority of federal workers, however, are selected through the Civil Service system, in which appointment and promotion are based on ability and experience. The President is also responsible for preparing the budget of the United States, although the Congress must approve it. (See Office of Management and Budget)

Legislative powers

Despite the constitutional provision that "all legislative powers" granted to the federal government are vested in the U.S. Congress, the president, as the chief formulator of public policy, has a major legislative role. The president can veto any Act of Congress, and, unless two-thirds of the members of each house vote to override the veto, the bill does not become law. Much of the legislation dealt with by Congress is drafted at the initiative of the executive branch. In annual and special messages to Congress, the president may propose legislation he believes is necessary. The most important of these is the annual State of the Union Address traditionally given in January. Before a joint session of Congress, the President outlines the status of the country and his legislative proposals for the upcoming year. If Congress should adjourn without acting on those proposals, the president has the power to call it into special session. But beyond this official role, the president, as head of a political party and as principal executive officer of the U.S. government, is primarily in a position to influence public opinion and thereby to influence the course of legislation in Congress.
Theodore Roosevelt
Theodore Roosevelt
26th President
(1901-1909)
To improve their working relationships with Congress, presidents in recent years have set up a Congressional Liaison Office in the White House. Presidential aides keep abreast of all important legislative activities and try to persuade senators and representatives of both parties to support administration policies.

Judicial powers

Among the president's constitutional powers is that of appointing important public officials. Presidential nomination of federal judges, including members of the Supreme Court, is subject to confirmation by the Senate. Another significant power is that of granting a full or conditional pardon to anyone convicted of breaking a federal law — except in a case of impeachment. The pardoning power has come to embrace the power to shorten prison terms and reduce sentences.

Foreign affairs

Under the Constitution, the president is the federal official primarily responsible for the relations of the United States with foreign nations. The president appoints ambassadors, ministers, and consuls — subject to confirmation by the Senate — and receives foreign ambassadors and other public officials. With the secretary of state, the president manages all official contacts with foreign governments. On occasion, the president may personally participate in summit conferences where chiefs of state meet for direct consultation. Thus, President Woodrow Wilson headed the American delegation to the Paris conference at the end of World War I; President Franklin D. Roosevelt met with Allied leaders during World War II; and every president since then has sat down with world leaders to discuss economic and political issues and to reach bilateral and multilateral agreements.
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Franklin D. Roosevelt
32nd President
(1933-1945)
Through the Department of State and the Department of Defense, the president is responsible for the protection of Americans abroad and of foreign nationals in the United States. The president decides whether to recognize new nations and new governments, and negotiate treaties with other nations, which become binding on the United States when approved by two-thirds of the Senate. The president may also negotiate "executive agreements" with foreign powers that are not subject to Senate confirmation.

Constraints on Presidential power

Because of the vast array of presidential roles and responsibilities, coupled with a conspicuous presence on the national and international scene, political analysts have tended to place great emphasis on the president's powers. Some have even spoken of "the imperial presidency," referring to the expanded role of the office that Franklin D. Roosevelt maintained during his term. One of the first sobering realities a new president discovers is an inherited bureaucratic structure that can be difficult to manage and slow to change direction. The president's power to appoint extends only to some 3,000 people out of a civilian government work force of about 3 million.
John F. Kennedy, 35th President
John F. Kennedy
35th President
(1961-1963)
The president finds that the machinery of government (the civil service) often operates independently of presidential interventions, has done so through earlier administrations, and will continue to do so in the future. New presidents are immediately confronted with a backlog of decisions from the outgoing administration. They inherit a budget formulated and enacted into law long before they came to office, as well as major spending programs (such as veterans' benefits, Social Security payments, and Medicare health insurance for the elderly), which are mandated by law. In foreign affairs, presidents must conform with treaties and informal agreements negotiated by their predecessors in office. As the happy euphoria of the post-election "honeymoon" dissipates (today often referred to as "the first 100 days"), the new president discovers that Congress has become less cooperative and the media more critical. The president is forced to build at least temporary alliances among diverse, often antagonistic interests — economic, geographic, ethnic, and ideological. Compromises with Congress must be struck if any legislation is to be adopted. "It is very easy to defeat a bill in Congress," lamented President John F. Kennedy. "It is much more difficult to pass one." Despite these constraints, every president achieves at least some of his legislative goals and prevents by veto the enactment of other laws he believes not to be in the nation's best interests. The president's authority in the conduct of war and peace, including the negotiation of treaties, is substantial. Moreover, the president can use his unique position to articulate ideas and advocate policies, which then have a better chance of entering the public consciousness than those held by other politicians or thinkers. President Theodore Roosevelt famously called the presidency a "bully pulpit" from which to raise issues nationally, for when a president raises an issue, it inevitably becomes subject to public debate. (Although in the argot of his day "bully" was simply a slang adjective meaning "nifty" or "effective", today this phrase is frequently taken at face value with the more common sense of the word "bully".) A president's power and influence may be limited, but politically the president is certainly the most important power in Washington and, furthermore, is often one of the most famous and influential Americans even outside that city. Though constrained by various other laws passed by Congress, the President's executive branch conducts most foreign policy, and his power to order and direct troops as commander-in-chief is quite significant. (The exact limits of what a President can do with the military without Congressional authorization are open to debate.)

Succession

The United States presidential line of succession is a well-detailed list of government officials to serve or act as President upon a vacancy in the office due to death, resignation, or removal from office (by impeachment and conviction). The line of 17 begins with the Vice President and ends with the Secretary of Veterans Affairs. The 25th amendment establishes the Vice President as first in the order as well as spells out a process for him to serve as Acting President should the President become disabled. A provision of the United States Code (3 USC 19) establishes the rest of the succession line. To date no officer ranked lower than the Vice President on the list has been called upon to act as President. Constitutionally, the Vice President is the only officer eligible to succeed to the presidency. Should it be necessary for someone lower on the line of succession to discharge the powers and duties of the office, they would do so as Acting President.

List of Presidents of the United States

bgcolor=#cccccc bgcolor=#E6E6AA |align=center| 2 || John Adams bgcolor=#CCFFCC |align=center| 3 || Thomas Jefferson bgcolor=#CCFFCC |align=center| 4 || James Madison bgcolor=#CCFFCC |align=center| 5 || James Monroe bgcolor=#CCFFCC |align=center| 6 || John Quincy Adams bgcolor=#DDEEFF |align=center| 7 || Andrew Jackson bgcolor=#DDEEFF |align=center| 8 || Martin Van Buren bgcolor=#FFFFCC |align=center| 9 || William Henry Harrison bgcolor=#FFFFCC | 10 || John Tyler bgcolor=#DDEEFF | 11 || James Knox Polk || 1845 || 1849 || Democrat || George M. Dallas bgcolor=#FFFFCC | 12 || Zachary Taylor bgcolor=#FFFFCC | 13 || Millard Fillmore bgcolor=#DDEEFF | 14 || Franklin Pierce bgcolor=#DDEEFF | 15 || James Buchanan bgcolor=#FFE8E8 | 16 || Abraham Lincoln bgcolor=#DDEEFF | 17 || Andrew Johnson bgcolor=#FFE8E8 | 18 || Ulysses Simpson Grant bgcolor=#FFE8E8 | 19 || Rutherford Birchard Hayes bgcolor=#FFE8E8 | 20 || James Abram Garfield || 1881 || 1881 || Republican || Chester A. Arthur bgcolor=#FFE8E8 | 21 || Chester Alan Arthur bgcolor=#DDEEFF | 22 || Stephen Grover Cleveland bgcolor=#FFE8E8 | 23 || Benjamin Harrison bgcolor=#DDEEFF | 24 || Stephen Grover Cleveland bgcolor=#FFE8E8 | 25 || William McKinley bgcolor=#FFE8E8 | 26 || Theodore Roosevelt, Jr. bgcolor=#FFE8E8 | 27 || William Howard Taft bgcolor=#DDEEFF | 28 || Thomas Woodrow Wilson bgcolor=#FFE8E8 | 29 || Warren Gamaliel Harding bgcolor=#FFE8E8 | 30 || John Calvin Coolidge, Jr. bgcolor=#FFE8E8 | 31 || Herbert Clark Hoover bgcolor=#DDEEFF | 32 || Franklin Delano Roosevelt bgcolor=#DDEEFF | 33 || Harry S. Truman bgcolor=#FFE8E8 | 34 || Dwight David Eisenhower bgcolor=#DDEEFF | 35 || John Fitzgerald Kennedy bgcolor=#DDEEFF | 36 || Lyndon Baines Johnson bgcolor=#FFE8E8 | 37 || Richard Milhous Nixon bgcolor=#FFE8E8 | 38 || Gerald Rudolph Ford, Jr. || 1974 || 1977 || Republican || None then Nelson Rockefeller bgcolor=#DDEEFF | 39 || James Earl "Jimmy" Carter, Jr. bgcolor=#FFE8E8 | 40 || Ronald Wilson Reagan bgcolor=#FFE8E8 | 41 || George Herbert Walker Bush bgcolor=#DDEEFF | 42 || William Jefferson Clinton bgcolor=#FFE8E8 | 43 || George Walker Bush
- 1 George Washington 1789 1797 No party John Adams
1797 1801 Federalist Thomas Jefferson
1801 1809 Democratic-Republican Aaron Burr and George Clinton
1809 1817 Democratic-Republican Elbridge Gerry
1817 1825 Democratic-Republican Daniel D. Tompkins
1825 1829 Democratic-Republican John C. Calhoun
1829 1837 Democrat John C. Calhoun and Martin Van Buren
1837 1841 Democrat Richard Mentor Johnson
1841 1841 Whig John Tyler
1841 1845 Whig none
1849 1850 Whig Millard Fillmore
1850 1853 Whig none
1853 1857 Democrat William R. King
1857 1861 Democrat John C. Breckinridge
1861 1865 Republican Hannibal Hamlin and Andrew Johnson
1865 1869 Democrat none
1869 1877 Republican Schuyler Colfax and Henry Wilson
1877 1881 Republican William A. Wheeler
1881 1885 Republican none
1885 1889 Democrat Thomas A. Hendricks
1889 1893 Republican Levi P. Morton
1893 1897 Democrat Adlai E. Stevenson
1897 1901 Republican Garret A. Hobart then Theodore Roosevelt
1901 1909 Republican None then Charles W. Fairbanks
1909 1913 Republican James S. Sherman
1913 1921 Democrat Thomas R. Marshall
1921 1923 Republican Calvin Coolidge
1923 1929 Republican None then Charles G. Dawes
1929 1933 Republican Charles Curtis
1933 1945 Democrat John Nance Garner and Henry A. Wallace and Harry S. Truman
1945 1953 Democrat None then Alben W. Barkley
1953 1961 Republican Richard M. Nixon
1961 1963 Democrat Lyndon B. Johnson
1963 1969 Democrat None then Hubert H. Humphrey
1969 1974 Republican Spiro Agnew then None then Gerald Ford
1977 1981 Democrat Walter F. Mondale
1981 1989 Republican George H. W. Bush
1989 1993 Republican James Danforth Quayle III
1993 2001 Democrat Albert A. Gore, Jr.
2001 Republican Richard B. Cheney
Died while Vice President.
Resigned as Vice President.
Died of natural causes.
Democrat on Whig ticket.
[5] Died while Vice President, not replaced.
Assassinated.
Democrat who ran on Union ticket with Republican Lincoln.
Resigned. Was not sworn into office on the day he was expected to. (See the last fact in the Presidential Facts: Transition Events section below for more information.)

Timeline

Graphical timeline

Former Presidents

After a president of the U.S. leaves office, the title "President" continues to be applied to that person the rest of his or her life. Former presidents continue to be important national figures, and in some cases go on to successful post-presidential careers. Notable examples have included William Howard Tafts tenure as Chief Justice of the United States and Jimmy Carters current career as a global human rights campaigner and best-selling writer. Presidents Bill Clinton, George Bush, Ronald Reagan, Jimmy Carter, Gerald Ford, and their wives at the funeral of President Richard Nixon on April 27, 1994. As of July 2004, there are four living former presidents: Gerald Ford, Jimmy Carter, George H. W. Bush and Bill Clinton. The most recently deceased President is Ronald Reagan. There have never been more than five former presidents alive at any given time in American history. There have been three periods during which five former presidents were alive: There have been six periods in American history during which no former presidents were alive: Herbert Hoover had the longest post-presidency, 31 years. He left office in 1933 and died in 1964. Excluding presidents who died in office, James K. Polk had the shortest post-presidency. He died on June 15, 1849, a mere three months after the expiration of his term. Franklin D. Roosevelt is the only President to serve more than 8 years in the office (1933-1945) Between the birth of George Washington in 1732 and the birth of Bill Clinton in 1946, future presidents have been born in every decade except two: the 1810s and the 1930s. Between the death of George Washington in 1799 and the present, presidents or ex-presidents have died in every decade except four: the 1800s, 1810s, 1950s, and 1980s.

Presidential salary and perks

bgcolor="#efefef"
Presidential Pay History
- September 24, 1789 $25,000
March 3, 1873 $50,000
March 4, 1909 $75,000
January 19, 1949 $100,000
January 20, 1969 $200,000
January 20, 2001 $400,000
The First U.S. Congress voted to pay George Washington a salary of $25,000 a year — a significant sum in 1789. Washington, already a successful man, didn't take the money. Since 2001, the President has earned a salary of $400,000 a year. Traditionally, the President, as the most important official in the U.S. government, is the highest-paid government employee. Consequently, the President's salary serves as a cap of sorts for all other federal officials, such as the Chief Justice. The raise for 2001 was approved by Congress and President Bill Clinton in 1999 because other officials who receive annual cost-of-living increases had salaries approaching the President's. Consequently, in order to raise the salaries of the other federal employees, the President's salary had to be raised as well. Modern Presidents enjoy many non-salary perks such as living and working in the spacious White House mansion in Washington, DC. While travelling, the President is able to conduct all the functions of the office aboard several specially-built Boeing 747s, which take the call sign Air Force One when the President is aboard. The President travels around Washington in an armored Cadillac limousine, equipped with bullet-proof windows and tires and a self-contained ventilation system in the event of a biological or chemical attack. When traveling longer distances around the Washington area or on presidential trips, the President travels aboard the presidential helicopter, which takes the call sign Marine One when the president is aboard. Additionally, the President has full use of Camp David in Maryland, a sprawling retreat occasionally used as a casual setting for hosting foreign dignitaries. The President and his family are protected at all times by an extensive Secret Service detail. Until 1997, all former Presidents and their families were protected by the Secret Service until the President's death. The last President to have lifetime Secret Service protection is Bill Clinton; George W. Bush and all subsequent Presidents will be protected by the Secret Service for a maximum of 10 years after leaving office. Presidents continue to enjoy other benefits after leaving office such as free mailing privileges, free office space, the right to hold a diplomatic passport and budgets for office help and staff assistance. However, it was not until after Harry S. Truman (1958) that Presidents received a pension after they left office. Additionally, since the presidency of Herbert Hoover, Presidents receive funding from the National Archives and Records Administration upon leaving office to establish their own presidential library. These are not traditional libraries, but rather repositories for preserving and making available the papers, records, and other historical materials for each U.S. President since Herbert Hoover.

Presidential residences

North side of the White House The President's principal workplace and official residence is the White House at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW in Washington, DC. His official vacation or weekend residence is Camp David in Maryland. Many Presidents have also had their own homes.

Presidential facts

Transition events

Other facts

While most presidents have been of substantially English descent, there have been a few who came from a different background: Presidential authority, past and present:
[[Air Force One flying over Mount Rushmore]]

Presidential trivia lists

Further reading

Presidential Elections


! align="left" | 1789–1800: 1789
U.S. presidential elections
1792 > 1796
1800–1849: 1800		1804 > 18081812 > 18161820 > 18241828 > 18321836 > 18401844 > 1848
1850–1899: 1852		1856 > 18601864 > 18681872 > 18761880 > 18841888 > 1892 1896
1900–1949: 1900		1904 > 19081912 > 19161920 > 19241928 > 19321936 > 19401944 > 1948
1950–1999: 1952		1956 > 19601964 > 19681972 > 19761980 > 19841988 > 1992 1996
2000–2049: 2000		2004 > 2008
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